{"id":3951,"date":"2014-02-17T16:05:02","date_gmt":"2014-02-17T14:05:02","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.ced.org.tr\/?p=3951"},"modified":"2014-05-18T16:18:53","modified_gmt":"2014-05-18T13:18:53","slug":"biber-gazi-yasaklanmalidir-3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.ced.org.tr\/?p=3951","title":{"rendered":"Biber Gaz\u0131 Yasaklanmal\u0131d\u0131r"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ecz. Nurdan Demirkan<\/span><\/p>\n

Toplumsal olaylarda yayg\u0131n ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcz olarak kullan\u0131lan g\u00f6z ya\u015fart\u0131c\u0131 gazlar, fiziksel olarak neden oldu\u011fu \u00f6l\u00fcm ve yaralanmalar yan\u0131nda \u00f6zellikle solunum ve dola\u015f\u0131m sistemi \u00fczerindeki toksik etkileri sonucunda da ciddi sa\u011fl\u0131k sorunlar\u0131na ve \u00f6l\u00fcmlere yol a\u00e7maktad\u0131r. <\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u00dclkemizde do\u011frudan ate\u015fli silah olarak da kullan\u0131larak insanlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne ve ya\u015famsal yaralanmalar\u0131na neden olmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Toplumsal olaylarda kollu\u011fun zor kullan\u0131m\u0131, do\u011frudan cezaland\u0131rma amac\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Dumans\u0131z hava sahas\u0131 yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 idda eden Sa\u011fl\u0131k Bakanlar\u0131, sokaklarda bu gaza maruz kalan halk\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmelidir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu gazlardan sadece bar\u0131\u015fc\u0131l g\u00f6steri hakk\u0131n\u0131 kullanan halk de\u011fil, g\u00f6steriye kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmasa bile sokakta bulunan hatta evlerinde oturanya\u015fl\u0131ve \u00e7ocuklarda dahil olmak \u00fczere binlerce insan etkilenmektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n

G\u00f6z ya\u015fart\u0131c\u0131 maddeler iritan \u00f6zellikleri nedeniyle p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtme ya da gaz bombas\u0131 \u015feklinde uyguland\u0131klar\u0131nda \u00e7ok k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede solunum yollar\u0131 ve g\u00f6zlerde yak\u0131c\u0131 etkiye neden olarak soluk almay\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7le\u015ftiren, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 g\u00f6zya\u015f\u0131 olu\u015fturan ve bu etkileriyle bireyi saf d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rakmaya yarayan kimyasal <\/strong>maddelerdir.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

G\u00f6z ya\u015fartan gazlar akci\u011ferler, g\u00f6zler, burun, bo\u011faz, cildi i\u00e7eren \u00e7e\u015fitli doku ve organlarda tahri\u015fe ve tahribata yol a\u00e7maktad\u0131rlar.Ayr\u0131ca maruz kalma s\u00fcresi ve maruz kalan ki\u015fide daha \u00f6nceden var olan hastal\u0131klar da toksisiteyi etkileyen \u00f6nemli fakt\u00f6rlerdir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Toksik maddenin dozu , maruz kalma s\u00fcresi ve s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 toksisiteyi belirleyen temel fakt\u00f6rlerdir. A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 miktarda ve\/veya kapal\u0131 ortamlarda kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda tehlike daha b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu maddelere maruz kal\u0131nd\u0131ktan sonra hemen ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan etkilerinin yan\u0131nda 3-4 hafta sonra ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan gecikmi\u015f etkileri de (sub akut toksisite) \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bir maddenin toksisitesi ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rken etik ve\/veya vicdani nedenlerden dolay\u0131 insanlar \u00fczerinde deney yap\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki en ge\u00e7erli bilimsel yol, hayvanlar \u00fczerinde deney yapmakt\u0131r.Hayvan deneylerinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra istem d\u0131\u015f\u0131 bir \u015fekilde bu maddeye maruz kalm\u0131\u015f insan topluluklar\u0131ndan elde edilen veriler de\u011ferlendirilir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ancak \u00fclkemizde, bu gazlara maruz kalan ki\u015filer \u00fczerindeki toksik etkiler bilinmemektedir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu maddelere maruz kalanlar, daha fazla zarar g\u00f6rmemek i\u00e7in hastanelere gitmekten \u00e7ekinmektedir. Nitekim Eski\u015fehir\u2019de polis taraf\u0131ndan d\u00f6v\u00fclerek \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclen 19 ya\u015f\u0131ndaki Ali \u0130smail Korkmaz bile, polis taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6lesiye d\u00f6v\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc hastanede saklamak zorunda hissetmi\u015ftir.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0130nsanlar\u0131n \u00fczerine b\u00f6cek ilac\u0131 s\u0131kar gibi ac\u0131mas\u0131zca s\u0131k\u0131lan bu gazlar\u0131n sonraki y\u0131llarda ortaya \u00e7\u0131karaca\u011f\u0131 sorunlar hi\u00e7 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmemektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Son y\u0131llarda \u00fclkemizde en yayg\u0131n kullan\u0131lan g\u00f6z ya\u015fart\u0131c\u0131 gazlar biber gaz\u0131<\/strong> (OC; oleoresin capsaicin) ve <\/strong>o-klorobenzilidenmalononitril (CS)<\/strong> dir. <\/span><\/p>\n

Kapsaisin biber gaz\u0131n\u0131n aktif bile\u015fenidir, nonivamid ise ac\u0131 biberde do\u011fal olarak bulunmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funlukla sentetik olarak elde edilir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Y\u00fcksek konsantrasyonlarda kusmaya neden olabilmektedirler. Kapal\u0131 alanlarda ve y\u00fcksek konsantrasyonlarda kullan\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131nda, Ciddi sistemik toksik etkiler ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar <\/span><\/p>\n

Biber gaz\u0131 tamamen do\u011fal kaynaklardan, elde edildi\u011fi i\u00e7in toksik etkilerinin de az olaca\u011f\u0131 kan\u0131s\u0131yla yayg\u0131n bir \u015fekilde kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ancak ad\u0131 kadar masum olmayan bu gaz da di\u011fer g\u00f6z ya\u015fart\u0131c\u0131 ajanlar gibi g\u00f6z, deri ve bron\u015flarda dozla birlikte \u015fiddetlenen iritan etkiye yol a\u00e7ar. Biber gaz\u0131 sprey formunda kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda g\u00f6zlerde ani ve a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 ya\u015farma, konjonktival inflamasyon , k\u0131zar\u0131kl\u0131k, \u015fiddetli yanma ve ac\u0131, g\u00f6z kapaklar\u0131nda spazm ve istemsiz kapanma meydana gelir. Biber gaz\u0131 maruziyeti sonucunda nazal iritasyon, \u015fiddetli \u00f6ks\u00fcr\u00fck, hap\u015f\u0131rma ve solunum yetmezli\u011fi gibi semptomlar da geli\u015fir. Bunlara ek olarak deride yanma, n\u00f6romotor disfonksiyon (motor kontrol\u00fcn kayb\u0131) g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. <\/span><\/p>\n

Biber gaz\u0131 di\u011fer g\u00f6z ya\u015fart\u0131c\u0131 bile\u015fiklerden farkl\u0131 olarak, inhalale edilir edilmez solunum yolunda geli\u015fen ani bir inflamasyon sonucunda k\u0131sa ve kesik solunuma neden olur .<\/span><\/p>\n

Biber gaz\u0131 %1-10 oran\u0131nda Oleoresin capsicum\u2019u itici bir \u00e7\u00f6zelti i\u00e7inde i\u00e7ermektedir. Aktif bile\u015feni olan <\/span>Kapsaisin, suda \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnmedi\u011finden<\/span> alkol, eter ve kloroform gibi organik \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcc\u00fclerde \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcr. Kapsaicin sentetik olarak da \u00fcretilmektedir Kapsaisinin akut etkileri genellikle pulmoner sistem \u00fczerinedir, bronkospazm, pulmoner \u00f6dem ve solunumun ge\u00e7ici durmas\u0131 g\u00f6zlenir. Bu etkilerin yan\u0131nda akut maruziyet sonucunda hipertansif kriz ve hipotermiye neden olabilir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bronkokonstr\u00fcksiyona neden oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in kronik obsr\u00fcktif akci\u011fer hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131(KOAH) veya ast\u0131m\u0131 olanlarda a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 duyarl\u0131l\u0131k reaksiyonlar\u0131na neden olabilir. Aniden ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 duyarl\u0131l\u0131k reaksiyonlar\u0131 \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl olabilir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kapsaisin\u2019in tekrarlayan dozlardaki etkisi hayvanlarda ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve \u00e7e\u015fitli organlarda patolojik de\u011fi\u015fikliklere neden oldu\u011fu g\u00f6zlenmi\u015ftir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Uzun d\u00f6nemli etkileri ise irritanla ind\u00fcklenen ast\u0131m, kronik obstr\u00fcktif solunum hastal\u0131klar\u0131d\u0131r. <\/span><\/p>\n

%5 oleoresin capsicum (OC) ve ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131 olarak trikoroetilen i\u00e7eren biber gaz\u0131 spreylerinin neden oldu\u011fukorneal erozyon ve k\u00f6rl\u00fck <\/strong>vakalar\u0131 literat\u00fcrde kay\u0131tl\u0131d\u0131r.(4)<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00dclkemizde kullan\u0131lan di\u011fer bir kimyasal daCS<\/strong>\u2019dir. Di\u011fer t\u00fcm lakrimat\u00f6r ajanlar gibi CS\u2019nin ana toksik etkisi g\u00f6z \u00fczerinedir. G\u00f6z ya\u015fart\u0131c\u0131 etkisi molek\u00fclden sal\u0131nan klor atomlar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6z ve mukoz membranlardaki nemle reaksiyona girerek hidroklorik aside d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. CS mukoz membranlardaki nem ile reaksiyona girerek g\u00f6z, burun, a\u011f\u0131z, deri ve solunum kanal\u0131nda yanma ve irritasyona neden olur.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0130nhalasyon yoluylatekrarlayan maruz kalma sonucu CS\u2019nin s\u0131\u00e7anlarda hiperaktivite, agresif (sald\u0131rgan) davran\u0131\u015flar ve y\u00fcksek dozlarda \u00f6l\u00fcme neden oldu\u011fu bildirilmi\u015ftir<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cGaz\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n oda \u0131s\u0131s\u0131nda kat\u0131 toz haldedir. Organik bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcc\u00fc i\u00e7inde \u00e7\u00f6zelti, mikropartik\u00fcl veya aerosol haline getirilerek kullan\u0131ma haz\u0131rlan\u0131r. <\/span><\/p>\n

.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tav\u015fanlar \u00fczerinde yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda CS\u2019nin tav\u015fan g\u00f6z\u00fcne topikal uygulanmas\u0131yla<\/span><\/p>\n

konjonktivit g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f, \u0130nsan g\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcn CN \u00e7\u00f6zeltisine nazaran aerosol formuna daha<\/span><\/p>\n

hassas oldu\u011fu bildirilmi\u015ftir. Aerosol formunda CS\u2019ye maruz kalan s\u0131\u00e7an ve k\u00f6peklerin akci\u011ferlerinde \u00f6dem, hemoraji ve atelektazi (akci\u011ferin s\u00f6nmesi) g\u00f6zlenmi\u015ftir.<\/span><\/p>\n

CS, lakrimasyon ve k\u0131sa s\u00fcreli konjonktivitin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda hafif keratit, dezoriyentasyon, laringospazm ve y\u00fcksek dozlarda kusmaya ve neden olur . Bu etkilerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

p\u00fcsk\u00fcrt\u00fclmesi esnas\u0131nda \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcc\u00fcs\u00fc olarak kullan\u0131lan diklorometana soluma yoluyla<\/span><\/p>\n

y\u00fcksek konsantrasyonlarda maruz kalma sonucu sersemlik, ba\u015f d\u00f6nmesi, konf\u00fczyon,<\/span><\/p>\n

nefes alma, y\u00fcr\u00fcme ve konu\u015fmada g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fck, paraliz, tutar\u0131k ve koma gibi belirtiler<\/span><\/p>\n

bildirilmi\u015ftir .Akut akci\u011fer hasar\u0131na neden oldu\u011funa dair az say\u0131da olgu raporu bulunmaktad\u0131r. Ancak ast\u0131ml\u0131 ki\u015filerde daha ciddi sa\u011fl\u0131k sorunlar\u0131n\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilece\u011fi bildirilmi\u015ftir. CS\u2019nin do\u011frudan hepatik hasar yapma potansiyelinin olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 hen\u00fcz tam bilinmemektedir; ancak y\u00fcksek dozda maruz kalma sonucu sar\u0131l\u0131k, kimyasal hepatit ve hipereozinofili olu\u015fturdu\u011fu bir olgu raporunda bildirilmi\u015ftir. CS\u2019nin ayr\u0131ca kalp \u00fczerine de istenmeyen etkileri vard\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

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G\u00f6z ya\u015fart\u0131c\u0131 maddeler genellikle bir organik \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcc\u00fc i\u00e7erisinde \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f olarak<\/span><\/p>\n

uygulanmaktad\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla insanlar \u00fczerinde kullan\u0131lmalar\u0131 sonucu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilecek toksik etkilerde kullan\u0131lan organik \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn katk\u0131s\u0131 da s\u00f6z konusudur<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Diklorometan (DCM, metilen klor\u00fcr)<\/span><\/strong> CS\u2019nin kullan\u0131ma haz\u0131r hale getirilmesinde \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcc\u00fc <\/span>olarak kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu nedenle g\u00f6z ya\u015fart\u0131c\u0131 ajan olarak CS\u2019nin neden olaca\u011f\u0131 toksik etkiler yan\u0131nda DCM\u2019\u0131n katk\u0131s\u0131 g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilmemelidir. \u00c7ok u\u00e7ucu olan bu \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcc\u00fc, p\u00fcsk\u00fcrt\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde kolayca buharla\u015f\u0131r. Bu nedenle uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ki\u015fi taraf\u0131ndan soluma yoluyla da al\u0131nabilmektedir.DCM otorite kurulu\u015flar taraf\u0131ndan Muhtemel \u0130nsan Karsinojeni; Grup 2B (IARC) ya da \u0130nsanda Etkisi Belirsiz Kan\u0131tlanm\u0131\u015f Hayvan Karsinojeni; A3 (ACGIH) olarak s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r <\/span>Farelerde kronik maruz kalman\u0131n karaci\u011fer ve akci\u011fer kanserine neden oldu\u011fu; s\u0131\u00e7anlarda ise benign meme bezi t\u00fcm\u00f6rleri olu\u015fturdu\u011fu bildirilmi\u015ftir. Ayr\u0131ca kronik DCM\u2019a maruziyetinin farelerde do\u011fum kusurlar\u0131na neden olabilece\u011fi belirtilmektedir<\/span><\/p>\n

DCM renksiz ve u\u00e7ucu bir s\u0131v\u0131d\u0131r. Laboratuarlarda kontrol alt\u0131nda kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in sa\u011fl\u0131k a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan nispeten g\u00fcvenlidir, ancak do\u011frudan insanlar\u0131n \u00fczerine p\u00fcsk\u00fcrt\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde maruz kal\u0131nan miktar daha fazla olmaktad\u0131r. U\u00e7ucu \u00f6zelli\u011fi nedeniyle, CS uygulamas\u0131 sonras\u0131nda buharla\u015farak soluma yoluyla maruz kal\u0131n\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trikloroetan (Metil kloroform) <\/span><\/strong>santral sinir sistemidepresan\u0131d\u0131r ve y\u00fcksek dozlara maruz kal\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ba\u015f d\u00f6nmesi, konf\u00fczyon, bilin\u00e7 kayb\u0131 ve \u00f6l\u00fcme dek giden bir tablo \u00e7izebilirUzun s\u00fcreli deri temas\u0131, derideki ya\u011f tabakas\u0131n\u0131 etkiler ve deri iritasyonuna neden olur. Kronik temas\u0131 ile karaci\u011fer, b\u00f6brek ve kalpte anomalilere neden olabilir. \u00d6zellikle ya\u011f depolanmas\u0131, vakuoler dejenerasyon ve sentrilob\u00fcler nekroz gibi ciddi karaci\u011fer sorunlar\u0131na neden oldu\u011fu literat\u00fcrde bildirilmektedir (48). Gebe laboratuar hayvanlar\u0131 trikloroetana maruz b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yavrularda \u00e7e\u015fitli do\u011fum kusurlar\u0131na<\/span><\/p>\n

rastlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r .<\/span><\/p>\n

Metil izobutil keton<\/span><\/strong>End\u00fcstride ya\u011fdan ar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 (degrase) ajan olarak kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in derideki ya\u011f\u0131 uzakla\u015ft\u0131rarak deride k\u0131zar\u0131kl\u0131k, yanma, soyulma ve blister olu\u015fumuna neden olur. Maddeyeveya buhar\u0131na k\u0131sa s\u00fcreli maruziyet ile g\u00f6z, deri ve solunum yolunda iritasyona neden olur.A\u011f\u0131zdan al\u0131nmas\u0131 durumunda ise kimyasal pn\u00f6moniye<\/strong> neden olur.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 end\u00fcstriyel i\u015f kollar\u0131nda maddeyle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma \u00f6nlemleri aras\u0131nda y\u00fcz ve g\u00f6zlerinkorunmas\u0131 \u00f6nerilmektedir, ayn\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn polis taraf\u0131ndan do\u011frudan insanlar\u0131n y\u00fcz\u00fcnep\u00fcsk\u00fcrt\u00fclmesi iseparadoks olarak de\u011ferlendirilmi\u015ftir<\/span><\/p>\n

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Bu gazlar\u0131n potansiyel kal\u0131c\u0131 etkileri ve g\u00f6r\u00fclen toksik etkilerini azaltman\u0131n en iyi yolu onlar\u0131 hi\u00e7 kullanmamakt\u0131r. Kullan\u0131mlar\u0131 g\u00fcvenli ve etik de\u011fildir Kullan\u0131m ama\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n da temelini olu\u015fturan ani ve a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 iritan etkileri, sa\u011fl\u0131k \u00fczerinde uzun vadede olumsuz etkileri olabilece\u011fi konusunda endi\u015felere yol a\u00e7maktad\u0131r. Bu endi\u015feler, kanser olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131<\/strong> da i\u00e7ermektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ciddi solunum ve kardiyovask\u00fcler etkilerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, k\u00f6rl\u00fck,karaci\u011fer harabiyeti ve sinir sisteminde kal\u0131c\u0131 hasara yol a\u00e7abilirler. Solunum sistemindeki etkilerinin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131ndatoksik pn\u00f6monitis, ast\u0131m alevlenmesi, bron\u015fit ve KOAH g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/span><\/p>\n

K\u0131sa vadeli toksik etkileri ve belirsizli\u011fini koruyan uzun vadeli toksik etki olas\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 insan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck risk ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. <\/span><\/p>\n

Devletin g\u00f6revi toplum sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 korumakt\u0131r. Toksik oldu\u011fu bilinen bu kimyasallar ile toplum sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n zarar g\u00f6rmesine asla izin verilmemelidir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu kimyasallar\u0131n toplumsal olaylarda kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 yasaklanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

Referanslar<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

1-\u00a0G\u00f6z Ya\u015fart\u0131c\u0131 Gazlar ve Toksik Etkileri \/Toksikoloji B\u00fclteni ,Ocak 2013, say\u0131 36 sayfa:9-13<\/span><\/p>\n

Hilmi ORHAN | <\/span><\/strong>Ege \u00dcniversitesi Eczac\u0131l\u0131k Fak\u00fcltesi, F. Toksikoloji AD, Bornova, \u0130zmir<\/span><\/p>\n

P\u0131nar Erkeko\u011flu | <\/span><\/strong>Hacettepe \u00dcniversitesi, Eczac\u0131l\u0131k Fak\u00fcltesi, F. Toksikoloji AD., S\u0131hhiye, Ankara<\/span><\/p>\n

Ela Kad\u0131o\u011flu | <\/span><\/strong>Gazi \u00dcniversitesi Eczac\u0131l\u0131k Fak\u00fcltesi, F. Toksikoloji AD., Etiler, Ankara<\/span><\/p>\n

2-\u00a0Effects of Tear Gases on the Pulmonary System\/T\u00fcrk Toraks Dergisi Ekim 2013,Cilt 14, Say\u0131 4, Sayfa(lar) 123-126 :<\/span><\/p>\n

Peri Meram Arbak I <\/span><\/strong>Department of Chest Diseases, Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, D\u00fczce University<\/span><\/p>\n

3-\u00a0Smith J, Greaves I. The use of chemical incapacitant sprays: A review. J Trauma. 2002;52:595\u2013600<\/span><\/p>\n

4-\u00a0Toxic carriers in pepper sprays may cause corneal erosion<\/span><\/p>\n

Juha M. Holopainen,Jukka A.O. Moilanen,Tapani Hack,and Timo M.T. Tervoa<\/span><\/p>\n

Department of Ophthalmology, University of Helsinki, HUS, Finland<\/span><\/em> Received 24 June 2002<\/span><\/p>\n

5-\u00a0Tear Gas-Harassing Agent or toxic Chemical Weapon?<\/span><\/p>\n

Howard Hu, MD, MPH, Jonathan Fine MD,Paul Epstein et al.JAMA August 4, 1989-vol 262 no 5, p 660-665<\/span><\/p>\n

6-\u00a0Public health response to biological and chemical weapons\u2014WHO guidance (2004): Annex 1: Chemical agents, pp:143-213.<\/span><\/p>\n

7-\u00a0Biber Gaz\u0131 ve Portakal Gaz\u0131 ile \u0130lgili \u0130stanbul \u00dcniversitesi Eczac\u0131l\u0131k Fak\u00fcltesi Farmas\u00f6tik Toksikoloji Anabilim Dal\u0131n\u0131n Bilgilendirme Yaz\u0131s\u0131 5 Haziran 2013<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

25 Ocak\u2019ta TMMOB Kimya M\u00fchendisleri Odas\u0131 \u0130stanbul \u015eubesi, \u0130stanbul Tabip Odas\u0131, \u0130stanbul Eczac\u0131 Odas\u0131, Toplumsal Dayan\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7in Psikologlar Derne\u011fi, \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Derne\u011fi, \u00c7a\u011fda\u015f Hukuk\u00e7ular Derne\u011fi ve T\u00fcrkiye \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Vakf\u0131\u2019ndan olu\u015fan \u0130nisiyatif\u2019in d\u00fczenledi\u011fi Toplumsal Olaylarda kollu\u011fun zor kullan\u0131m\u0131 etkileri ve sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 konulu, “\u0130\u015fkence Alan\u0131 Sokaklar” adl\u0131 sempozyum-forum\u2019da \u0130stanbul Eczac\u0131 odas\u0131 ad\u0131na Ecz. Nurdan Demirkan\u2019\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cToplumsal olaylarda zor kullan\u0131m ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n toksikolojik etkileri\u201d adl\u0131 sunumundan \u00f6zetlenmi\u015ftir.<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

25 Ocak\u2019ta ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen “\u0130\u015fkence Alan\u0131 Sokaklar” adl\u0131 sempozyum-forumun deklarasyonu ile, bile\u015fenleri aras\u0131da \u0130stanbul Eczac\u0131 Odas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n da yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cBiber Gaz\u0131 Yasaklans\u0131n \u0130nsiyatifi\u201d kurularak \u201cKollu\u011fun \u0130\u015fkence Ara\u00e7lar\u0131 Yasaklanmal\u0131d\u0131r\u201d kampanyas\u0131 ba\u015flat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

<\/p>\n

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Ecz. Nurdan Demirkan Toplumsal olaylarda yayg\u0131n ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcz olarak kullan\u0131lan g\u00f6z ya\u015fart\u0131c\u0131 gazlar, fiziksel olarak neden oldu\u011fu \u00f6l\u00fcm ve yaralanmalar...<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[58],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3951","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-ecz-nurdan-demirkan"],"aioseo_notices":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack-related-posts":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.ced.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3951","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.ced.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.ced.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.ced.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.ced.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3951"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"http:\/\/www.ced.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3951\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4151,"href":"http:\/\/www.ced.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3951\/revisions\/4151"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.ced.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3951"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.ced.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3951"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.ced.org.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3951"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}